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The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was a killing of Republic of the Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, during the Texas Revolution by the Mexican Army under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Despite the protests for clemency by General José de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla under orders from Santa Anna. ==Background== After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels were heading toward Matamoros in the Matamoros Expedition, he sent General Urrea to make his way north to Matamoros and then to march north along the coast of Texas to stop the Texans.〔.〕 Urrea arrived in Matamoros and worked to secure cooperation from the local inhabitants on January 31, 1836.〔 Meanwhile, Sam Houston had persuaded all but about 70 to 100 men and their leaders, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant, to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas, principally Goliad, Texas.〔Roell (2013), p. 64.〕 On February 12, 1836, Colonel James Fannin took most of the men to defend Presidio La Bahía at Goliad, which he renamed Fort Defiance.〔Roell (2013), pp. 4, 76, 82.〕 On February 16, 1836, Urrea crossed the Rio Grande with about 188 cavalry and 205 infantry.〔Roell (2013), p. 71.〕 He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area, including some previously sympathetic to the Texans, to join him.〔 At 3:00 a.m. on February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 45 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where Urrea's force killed 16 and took 24 prisoners.〔Long (1990), p. 201.〕 Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Colonel Fannin's command at Goliad where they retold a story, which they first told at a ranch where they took refuge after the escape, that all the prisoners had been executed.〔 Urrea had sent 18 of the prisoners to Matamoros where they were sentenced to death but later released.〔 This news persuaded Fannin to abandon any further attempt to send relief to the Alamo or to try to secure badly needed supplies waiting at Matagorda but to prepare Presidio La Bahía at Goliad for defense from the advancing Mexican Army.〔Nofi (1994), p. 95.〕 On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, James Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command.〔 On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison.〔Nofi (1994), pp. 107–123.〕 On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. King evacuate colonists at Refugio, were surrounded by Urrea's force. Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm, the Mexicans caught up to part of Ward's force and killed 18 and captured 31.〔Long (1990), pp. 273–274.〕 Amon King and a group of men were executed on March 16 at Refugio, but some 15 to 18 prisoners were marched to Goliad to serve as blacksmiths or mechanics. After capturing one of Fannin's messengers with dispatches that told his plan to wait at Goliad but then retreat after King and Ward returned, Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners he decided were mercenaries but freed over 20 others he determined to be Mexicans or colonists so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin's force.〔Long (1990), p. 274.〕 On March 19, General Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men in the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). The two-day Battle of Coleto ensued, with the Texians holding their own on the first day. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. In this critical predicament, Colonel Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20.〔Long (1990), p. 278.〕 Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison.〔Hardin (1994), pg. 173〕 Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad.〔Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho62), accessed June 09, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.〕 The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched in on March 23. They were kept separate from the other prisoners, as they had been unarmed and surrendered without a fight. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25.〔Castaneda (1970), p. 19.〕〔Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Goliad massacre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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